@Article{CamposSabaKrid:2014:&#StLe,
               author = "Campos, Leandro Zanella de Souza and Saba, Marcelo Magalh{\~a}es 
                         Fares and Krider, E. Philip",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Institute of 
                         Atmospheric Physics}",
                title = "On \β2 stepped leaders in negative cloud-to-ground 
                         lightning",
              journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research D",
                 year = "2014",
               volume = "119",
               number = "11",
                pages = "6749--6767",
                month = "June",
             keywords = "lightning, stepped leaders, beta-2 leaders, recoil leaders, 
                         bidirectional leader model, high-speed cameras.",
             abstract = "In their seminal lightning studies using streak cameras, Schonland 
                         et al. (1938) identified four negative stepped leader events that 
                         they term \β2, a rather rare variant of the type \β 
                         leader, and in it, the second and slower stage of the leader is 
                         associated with the appearance of one or more fast dart streamers, 
                         which travel rapidly down from the cloud along the previously 
                         formed track and cease when they have caught up with the slower 
                         leader tip. Seven negative downward leaders that agreed with the 
                         description given by Schonland et al. for type \β2 were 
                         recorded in Tucson, Arizona, USA, and in S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos 
                         Campos, S{\~a}o Paulo, Brazil. All cases were recorded by a 
                         high-speed camera operating at 4000 frames per second, and 
                         electric field changes were measured for three of them. Their dart 
                         streamers had speeds between 106 and 
                         107\ m\ s\−1, compatible with previous 
                         observations of recoil leaders (RLs). Also, during the development 
                         of the three cases with correlated electric field changes, it was 
                         possible to identify sequences of microsecond-scale pulses 
                         preceding the propagation of a dart streamer in the channel. It is 
                         proposed that the luminous process that occurs during the 
                         development of a type \β2 stepped leader is the visible 
                         manifestation of one or more RLs that begin inside the cloud and 
                         connect to the in-cloud, positive portion of the bipolar, 
                         bidirectional leader, and then travel downward to the lower end of 
                         the negative stepped leader path.",
                  doi = "10.1002/2013JD021221",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021221",
                 issn = "0148-0227",
                label = "scopus 2014-07 CamposSabaPhil:2014:²2StLe",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "2014 B - JGR Beta 2 stepped leaders Campos et al.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}